Ulster as a Motoring Centre.
Its Appeal to British Drivers.

BY "RADIATOR" OF BELFAST TELEGRAPH.
 

BRITISH motorists seeking new touring grounds will find ample scope for their activities in Ulster.

The scenery has a charm of its own and makes instant appeal. In fact, no greater tribute could be paid to Ulster as a touring centre, and to the warmth of welcome which is accorded the stranger, than that those who favour it with their presence so often express their eagerness to return. It has been so with quite a number of tourists to whom I have acted as guide from time to time. In view of this it is not surprising to find that the number of British motorists who spend their holidays here is growing each year. Many more would probably come over if they were fully aware of the conditions and the relationship which exists between Ulster and their own country.

I have toured quite a lot in England, Scotland and Wales, and it has been my invariable experience, when Ulster was under discussion, to be plied with all sorts of questions about customs, etc. No little surprise was occasioned when I replied that British motorists in visiting Ulster have to make no special arrangements, any more than they would have if they were doing the shorter journey, say, from Liverpool to Birkenhead. That is still the position.

There is little, if any, difference in the motoring laws as compared with those of Great Britain. In Ulster the British road tax is effective. The British driving licence is valid, the same rate of petrol tax is levied and British cars are listed at the same prices at which they can be purchased in any city in Great Britain, and no examination whatever is made of either the drivers or the cars when arriving for touring purposes. As soon as the motorist lands, whether it be at Belfast, Larne or Londonderry, from any port in Great Britain, he is free to drive about just as if he were in his home town. There is, however. one little matter in which he must exercise care. This is in regard to third-party insurance, which is compulsory, as it is in Great Britain. In certain cases British policies are confined to risks in Great Britain, and it is essential for the visiting motorist to make sure that the company with which he is insured grants him the requisite cover in Northern Ireland, in the same way that it is necessary for an Ulster motorist to see that he is covered while touring in Great Britain. This is a small matter, but at the same time it is one which should be looked into by the motorist before setting out on his holiday.

The booking of cars on the cross-Channel steamers is a small detail. As to the rates, these are given in summary form elsewhere in this guide. When the motorist arrives a short time will suffice for him to appreciate that he is in a country which not only caters for but also heartily welcomes motor traffic. The Government in particular, and Local Authorities in general, are sympathetic and ever alert to the interests of motorists. Shortly after its formation in 1921 the Government passed a Bin giving Local Authorities power to order the dosing of public roads in their respective areas for the purpose of enabling motor racing to be carried on. The Highway Authorities in Ulster have taken full advantage of the powers conferred upon them by the Aft, and each season applications for no fewer than nine important road races are readily
granted These include the Ulster Grand Prix Motor Cycle Race which is held over a twenty mile course near Belfast, the R.A.C. Tourist Trophy Car Race which is run on the Ards Circuit, about thirteen miles in length, also within easy reach of the city, the Ulster Automobile Club's 150 miles International Co. Down Trophy Car Race on the Bangor Circuit, and the Ireland (North-West) 200 miles Motor Cycle Road Race which is organised by the North of Ireland Motor Club, Ltd., Londonderry, and is held over a triangular course of eleven miles, embracing Portrush, Portstewart and Coleraine. The Grand Prix is the fastest race of its kind in the world. It was first held in 1922, and has since grown in importance to such an extent that it has been selected by the Federation Internationale des Clubs Motocyclistes as the Grand Prix of the Nations for 1935. The promoters are the Ulster Motor Cycle Club, Ltd. The dates of these events are :�Ireland (North-West) "200," May I 1 ; Co. Down Trophy Car Race, June 22 ; Ulster Grand Prix, August 24 ; and R.A.C. T.T. Race, September 7. The Ulster Auto-mobile Club also hold a Concours d'Elegance at Bangor on September 4.

It was in 1928 that the "T.T." was inaugurated in Ulster, and it is doubtful if the event would ever have been held without the support of the Government and Local Authorities. This support has been repeated each year, consequently each event has been more successful than its predecessor.

Legislation has been passed giving Local Authorities power to acquire land necessary for the widening of roads and the rounding of dangerous corners; to cut hedges which obscured the views of drivers, and also to provide parking places. The good work continues, and driving conditions have shown a notable improvement during the past few years.

Remarkable improvements have also been effected on road surfaces, and the highways of Ulster can generally be classified as "good." Main roads have been relaid. principally with concrete, and on the inland road from Belfast to Portrush, an attractive seaside resort, there are stretches which total no fewer than twenty-three miles. Sooner or later the remaining thirty odd miles will be similarly treated, and it will then be one of the most notable all-concrete highways in the Kingdom.

With Belfast as a starting point the visiting motorist has some of the finest scenery in the British Isles at his disposal. Pride of place may be given to the Antrim Coast Road which is the admiration of all visitors

From Larne to Cushendall, a distance of twenty-five miles, the road runs beside the sea, round bays and headlands, with a succession of variegated cliffs, wooded valleys, overhanging promontories and, here and there, long stretches of sandy beach. The Glens of Antrim�Glenariff, Glendun, Glenarm and others�are exceptionally pretty and are worthy of a visit en route. From Cushendall the road runs across country to Ballycastle, a delightful seaside resort, and on to the famous Giants Causeway. A short run brings the motorist to Portrush and from there he can visit Portstewart and Coleraine. From the latter place he can either return direct to Belfast or continue to Londonderry, known as the Maiden City, and one of the few walled cities in the British Isles. Another fine coastal drive is that from Belfast via Bangor, Donaghadee and the Ards Peninsula on to Newcastle nestling below Slieve Donard, the highest of the lovely Mourne Mountains. The remainder of the journey to Warrenpoint is equally appealing, particularly the last lap along the shores of Carlingford Lough.

Inland there are also many enjoyable runs. Lough Neagh, the largest inland lake in the British Isles, is worthy of a visit and so is Lough Erne, which to many is as beautiful as the finest English or Scottish lakes. There are numerous other places of interest, but space does not permit of a detailed reference being made to these. Both the Automobile Association and the Royal Automobile Club, which, by the way, have their scouts and guides all over Ulster, issue attractive tours, and visiting motorists would be well advised to take advantage of these facilities in order to cover as much ground as possible in the time at their disposal.

So far I have dealt purely with motorists visiting Ulster direct from Great Britain. In certain cases drivers may desire to include the Irish Free State in their itinerary, and in others to visit the Free State first and then enter Northern Ireland. If the Free State comes into the driver's programme at all the question of Customs does arise, and certain arrangements must be made by the motorist before he leaves Great Britain. If he is a member of the A.A. or the R.A.C. he must make application to the local branch or headquarters for Customs and Temporary Registration Documents. The Customs document is known as a Triptyque, and for this the motorist has to deposit �10 and furnish an indemnity for the balance of the duty on the car. This duty is assessed at a minimum of �40 on the body, and at 33⅓ per cent. on the engine and chassis. For Customs purposes the body is reckoned to represent a third of the total value of the car. The deposit of �10 is held until the motorist returns home and hands over his Triptyque duly discharged by the Free State Customs Authorities. Eventually it is refunded and the bankers indemnity is cancelled and returned to the bank.

If the motorist has not an account in a bank he can either deposit the whole amount of duty in cash with the motoring organisation of which he is a member, or he can, in the case of the A.A., take out a guarantee with the Motor Union Insurance Company for which he pays a premium of 5/� per cent. upon the total amount of duty, the minimum premium being 10/�.

As reciprocity of road tax does not exist between Great Britain and the Irish Free State, it is essential for motorists to procure what are known as an International Fiscal Permit. an International Driving Permit and an International Certificate for Motor Vehicles. The cost of these permits is �2 (motor-cycles �1), and it is necessary for the applicant to forward the buff registration book relating to the vehicle and to furnish to the issuing authority two passport photographs of each person who will drive the car. An examination of the car and drivers must also be carried out by an official of the recognised motoring organisation. If the Fiscal Permit is obtained at the time of making application for the various documents no extra charge is made, but if it is procured separately a charge of 7/6 is levied. Unless the motorist is in possession of a Fiscal Permit he will not be in a position to have his International documents honoured on arrival in the Free State, neither will it be possible for him to follow the alter-native procedure of obtaining temporary registration.

Temporary registration can be effected at Dublin or any Border County Registration Office, provided an International Fiscal Permit has been procured from the A.A. or R.A.C. before leaving for the Irish Free State. Special ZZ plates are issued for this purpose, together with an I.F.S. driving licence. The plates must be displayed whilst the car is circulating in the State. The cost of the plates, including the driving licence, is the same as in the case of the International documents, but there are no tests and photographs are not required. At the same time International documents are advocated where time permits, as they are valid for twelve months, and can be utilised on the Continent.

The International documents are honoured on arrival in the Free State. On production of the Fiscal Permit and the certificates for the car and driver, a licence to drive, an international circulation permit valid for four months (which is the time allowed to remain without having to pay road tax), and a registration card are issued free. The circulation permit takes the place of the road licence disc, while the car is in the Free State, and the registration card is equivalent to the British Registration book.

Insurance is also operative in the Free State, and it is necessary for motorists from Great Britain and Northern Ireland crossing the Border to be in possession of a Certificate in the prescribed Irish Free State form ; such Certificate will differ from that in existence in Great Britain or Northern Ireland, and must be authenticated by an Insurance Company which has made the necessary deposit with the Free State Government in respect of motor insurance. It, therefore, behoves each motorist before leaving for the Free State to satisfy himself that he is in possession of a Certificate complying with the Irish Free State Road Traffic Act, 1934.

The motorist who is domiciled in Northern Ireland, and whose car is licensed with an Northern Ireland Licensing Authority, may obtain from the A.A. or R.A.C. a Triptyque to enable him to enter the Free State, on submission of an Indemnity signed by his Bankers, and on payment of a Service Fee of 5/-. The deposit of x.10 is not applicable in this case. Further-more, he does not require International documents, but merely a Free State Driving Licence, which is issued by either of the aforementioned motoring organisations, at a cost of 10/-. He will, of course, require to have in his possession an appropriate Certificate of Insurance covering, at least, third party risks arising out of the use of the vehicle in the Irish Free State.

In the case of the Free State motorist entering Nor-land, as a result of the introduction of recent legislation, certain British manufactured cars are net admitted free of duty into Northern Ireland or Great Britain. Consequently, it is imperative nowadays for the motorist, if he is the owner of a motor car which was manufactured in Great Britain, to make contact with the Automobile Association, Dublin, in order to ascertain what formalities it is essential for him to comply with.

If a foreign-manufactured car is being imported into Northern Ireland or Great Britain, the owner will require to procure a British Triptyque from one of the motoring organisations in the Free State. The formalities attendant upon the issue of this Customs document are identical with those applicable in the case of cars being imported into the Free State from Northern Ireland, as already described.

Intervalidity of Road Tax exists between the Free State and Northern Ireland so far as private motor vehicles are concerned, consequently it is not necessary to register the vehicle on arrival in Northern Ireland. The motorist must, however, be in possession of a valid Northern Ireland Driving Licence and a Certificate of Insurance covering at least Third Party Risks in the north. The Automobile Association, Dublin, is in a position to issue Northern Ireland Driving Licences immediately on receipt of an application and requisite photographs.

APPROVED ROADS FOR TRAFFIC BETWEEN NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE IRISH FREE STATE
SHEWING MILEAGES BETWEEN CUSTOM HOUSES AND FRONTIER POSTS.
 

		APPROVED ROAD		NORTHERN IRELAND		IRISH FREE STATE
No	N. I. Town	Mileage To	I. F. S. town	Customs Station	Mileage To	Frontier Post	Mileage To	Frontier Post	Mileage To	Customs Station
1	Londonderry	19�	Moville	Londonderry Strand Road	4�	Culmore	1�	Muff	-	Muff
2	Londonderry	14	Buncrana	Londonderry Strand Road	3�	Gallagh Rd.	1�	Bridgend	-	Bridgend
3	Londonderry	7�	St. Johnstown	Londonderry Strand Road	2�	Creevagh	3�	Carrigans	2	St. Johnstown
4	Strabane	17�	Letterkenny	Strabane Bg.	-	Strabane Bg.	�	Lifford Bg.	-	Lifford
5	Strabane	14�	Stranorlar	Strabane Bg.	5	Clady		Nr. Clady Rly. Station	2	Castlefins
6	Belleek	4�	Ballyshannon via south shore of L. Erne	Belleek	-	Belleek	�	Cloghore	4	Ballyshannon
7	Enniskillen	37�	Ballyshannon via Pettigo	Enniskillen (Fairview)	19�	Tullyhomman Bridge	�	Pettigo	17�	Ballyshannon
8	Belcoo	14�	Manorhamilton	Belcoo	-	Belcoo	�	Blacklion	14	Manorhamilton
9	Enniskillen	12�	Swanlinbar	Enniskillen (Fairview)	11�	Mullan	1	Swanlinbar	-	Swanlinbar
10	Newtown- Butler	5�	Clones	Newtown- Butler	4�	Clontivrim Br	�	Clones	1	Clones
11	Auchnacloy	12�	Monaghan	Auchnacloy	-	Auchnacloy	1�	Moy Bridge	11�	Monaghan
12	Armagh	17�	Monaghan	Armagh (Probate Court)	10�	Middletown	1�	Tyholland	5�	Monaghan
13	Armagh	18	Castleblayney	Armagh (Probate Court)	12	Carnagh	�	Tullynagrow	5�	Castleblayney
14	Armagh	28	Dundalk	Tullydonnell	-	Tullydonnell	�	Drumbilla	5�	Dundalk
15	Newry	12�	Dundalk	Newry	4�	Kileen	-	Carrickarnon	8�	Dundalk
16	Newry	15�	Greenore	Newry	5�	Upper Fathom	-	Ferryhill	6�	Carlingford
17	*Londonderry	21�	Letterkenny via Newtown- Cunningham	Londonderry (Strand Rd.)	2�	Creevagh	2�	Kildrum	-	-

Safety First ! Might we remind motorists of this national campaign?
Please do not take unnecessary risks ; keep on the correct side of white lines and remember that there always might be danger just around the corner.
Safe driving will take you to Ulster's Beauty Spots.
Dangerous driving might  take you to Hospital.

Thank You

Archaeology and Ancient Monuments.
BY D. A. CHART, I.S.O., LITT. D.

THE remains of antiquity in Northern Ireland are extensive and varied, covering 50 centuries of human history, and ranging back to that period of the Stone Age, known as the early neolithic. With-out trenching on controversial matters, it may be said that if palaeolithic man, the contemporary of the mammoth and other extinct beasts, ever inhabited Ulster, no certain evidence of his stay has as yet come to light.

Neolithic man has left his weapons and implements in many places. At the gravelly raised beach called the Curran, Larne, Co. Antrim, they have been found in such abundance and in so many stages of production as to indicate that it was a centre of their manufacture. The shifting sands of Whitepark Bay, in the same county, cover a "black layer" consisting of charcoal from fires, mingled with the implements of prehistoric man, and the shell and bone refuse of his meals. For the most part, this period is better illustrated in museums than on actual sites, and the best introduction to its study is a visit to Belfast Municipal Museum, which has a rich and well-arranged collection of prehistoric antiquities.

The earliest flint implements found in Ulster are rude instruments resembling the head of a very large and unbifurcated claw hammer. This was clutched in the hand, and its narrower end, which had been roughly pointed and edged by chipping, might be used in hand to hand fight, or to kill an animal, or sever the bough of a tree. To this period also belong the small borers, probably used for making holes in skins to hold the thongs by which they were fastened together when used as clothing. They may date back. as far as 3,000 B.C. As the Stone Age progresses, the implements present more varied forms and show an increasing skill, including scrapers for cleaning hides, small knives and saws, arrow-heads, small curved scrapers probably intended to clear the bark from arrow-shafts or tool-handles, spear-heads, and axe-heads. Considering the maker's equipment, the work is neither clumsy nor inartistic. A lapidary might be proud of the fine chipping of some of the arrow-heads, or of the polish on the stone axe-heads found in a hoard at Danesfort, Malone Road, Belfast, a little over a mile from the museum, in which they are exhibited. " Spindle whorls" show that textile production has commenced.

The use of bronze came in about 2,000 B.C. Its most characteristic features are its weapons of war�swords, axes and daggers. Stone moulds show the manner in which the molten bronze was given the desired shape. A tremendous spearhead, no less than 22} ins long, is amongst the finds taken from the Lower Bann river during recent dredging, as also some interesting bronze swords, brooches and other objects. Here is also a very fine bronze sword from Fivemiletown, Co. Tyrone, and several cauldrons, some of which have been repaired by the use of a sort of split pin, not unlike a paper-fastener. Other objects not popularly associated with the Bronze Age are leaf-shaped razors, and small sickles, the latter probably used to detach only the ear. not the stalk. Agriculture has arrived.

Iron commenced to replace bronze in Ireland about 350 B.C. The metal remains of this period are usually so rusted as to be with difficulty recognisable, and the designs of most of the tools and weapons are familiar to an age which still uses iron. Ornament is beginning to develop rapidly, and on objects not susceptible to rust is seen to be more bold and varied than in any preceding period. Curved lines and semi-geometric designs are frequent. A good idea of the Early Iron Age is given by the contents of a crannogue, or ancient lake-dwelling excavated at Lisnacroghera, near Ballymena, Co. Antrim. These are exhibited together.

The prehistoric periods are also illustrated by some interesting and not unattractive pottery ; the earliest of these is the food-vessel, resembling the ordinary pudding basin in shape. The decoration on this is simple, consisting of straight strokes, prints of finger-tip or nail, or the impress of a twisted cord. Decorative bands were applied by adding extra layers to the original pot. A larger and more elaborate pot is the cinerary urn, over a foot high and in shape resembling a bread crock. These are often intricately ornamented. On one from near Newry the familiar herring-bone pattern on the applied decoration is used to depict most unmistakably an ear of wheat. Thus began one form of pictorial art.

This early pottery is rarely found intact or even moderately undamaged except in a grave, and indeed in that special kind of grave where it is protected from fracture by great slabs of overhanging stone, the megalithic tomb, which takes so many forms and occurs so frequently in Ulster. The food vessel is usually found empty in such situations, it most probably contained a meal for the spirit of the deceased. When a cinerary urn is discovered, it generally contains burnt bones.

These stone-chambered graves, of which the dolmen, popularly known as cromlech, with its giant capstone, held aloft on stout supports, is the most familiar example, are judged, from the remains, which have been found in them, to belong to the late neolithic or early bronze age (say 2,500 to 1,500. B.C.). Even more common are the smaller and less imposing box-like stone graves called cists. These are often half or wholly buried in the earth. They may he either single, or associated together in such a way as to form a definite semi-geometrical design If the cists are placed end to end a long rectangle is formed. This may be adorned at one end by a semi-circle of upright stones, making what is known as a "horned cairn. ' One such was recently excavated at Coward, near Hilltown, Co. Down. Or again the whole structure may form a gigantic Y, as at White Rocks, Balix, near Plumbridge, Co. Tyrone, or a T, as at Cregganconroe, near Pomeroy, in the same county.

The persons thus buried were probably of importance, kings, chiefs, notable warriors, and, in some cases, their near relations, such as wives or children. The stones very seldom bear anything that even looks like an inscription. A hill-top dolmen at Knockmany, near Augher, Co. Tyrone, is decorated with designs mainly of the spiral or concentric circle type, but their significance, if they have any, is a subject for speculation.

Other monuments of this period are upright stones fixed in the earth and known as "standing stones." These occur singly or in combinations. Of the latter the most impressive is the stone circle. This may also mark or commemorate a burial. Some have thought that these stone-marked rings were places of assembly or worship, and that possibly specially large or prominent stones served as idols. At Lough Hill, near Pomeroy. Co. Tyrone, in boggy moorland, the remains of a whole cluster of stone circles, composed of low-sized stones may be seen.

The single standing stone, in its most common form, is 3 to 5 feet high. Most probably these stones are commemorative and mark a burial or a battle-field. Some of them, in very prominent positions, may have been land-marks. One, at Doagh, Co. Antrim, is pierced with a hole, probably with some symbolic meaning. Others have been adapted to Christian commemoration, possibly as a corrective of former pagan associations, as at Kilnasaggart, Co. Armagh, near Newry. A stone at Aghascrebagh, near Gortin, Co. Tyrone, hears an inscription in Ogham characters, one of the very few examples in Ulster. The introduction of Ogham is ascribed to the period immediately
preceding the rise of Christianity. At Seskilgreen, near Ballygawley, Co. Tyrone. a standing stone is decorated with designs similar to those on the dolmen at Knockmany.

The first use of iron in Ireland is ascribed to the invading Celts, who, possessing a better armament and superior physique, soon conquered the country. Their remains, appropriately enough, , are largely military in character, the round forts which, under various names, rath,' lis," "dun," "cashel," are so prominent in local topography. On some of these sites there may have been earlier occupation, but there is a fair bulk of evidence linking the "forts" with the early Iron Age. The legend of the foundation of Emania, the modern Navan, near Armagh, ascribes its origin to the 4th century B.C. Such immense triple-ramparted forts as Lisnagade, near Scarva, Co. Down, were obviously built to be the strongholds of important military leaders, commanding large bodies of warriors. Most of the forts are on hill-tops, or steep slopes, or points of vantage beside rivers. But there are so many of them and they are often so close together and in situations so lacking in military importance that they cannot all have been fortresses. Many have only a single rampart with a shallow trench. Others are commanded by neighbouring higher ground. Sometimes a pair will be found together as at Coshkib, near Cushendall. At Glenloughan, near Scarva, a new fort has been built over-lapping the site of an older one. In some districts there are as many forts as there are modern farmsteads. In ouch cases the round fort, it may be concluded, was merely the ring-fence around a dwelling, adequate to protect the occupants' one form of wealth, their herd of cattle, from nocturnal marauders, whether human or animal. Those strange underground chambers called souterrains are occasionally found in these forts, particularly in Counties Down and Antrim. Most of them have been closed up after exploration, but quite a lofty and commodious specimen is kept permanently open at Drumena, near Newcastle, Co. Down. Some of the souterrains may have been store-chambers, others bolt-holes, and others again places for concealment or a last desperate refuge.

To this period also belong the "travelling earthworks" of which the most notable in Ulster is that popularly. though with no historical justification, called the "Dane's Cast," following fairly closely for some distance the Down-Armagh border.

Christianity gave the impulse to build, and the oldest architecture to be found in Ulster is in such tiny and rudely-built churches, or rather oratories, as St. John's Point Chapel, Killough, Co. Down. These may be known by their massive stone lintels, and their door-jambs inclining inwards so that the opening narrows to the top and is more easily bridged by the lintel. Their builders did not know of, or did not use, the arch. In the few cases where the window of an early church has been preserved, it usually resembles a loophole, being a narrow slit only a few inches wide, and splaying to the interior so as to admit the light.

The Viking invasions, which were specially directed against the monastic establishments, dealt a sore blow to Christian architecture in Ireland. Many churches were burned or destroyed. However, the harried Christians devised one counter-measure, the round tower, devised apparently for a threefold purpose, as watch tower, belfry, and temporary place of refuge for the monks with their treasures until such time as the population could rally to their rescue from these sea raiders. Only two round towers now survive in their entirety in Northern Ireland, one near the town of Antrim, and one on Devenish Island, Lower Lough Erne.

By the earlier part of the eleventh century there was some degree of peace from the Vikings, and the church could resume her pious task of building and decoration, not, however, that this work had at any time really ceased. Architecture in Ireland began to progress along lines similar to those followed in other countries, and was probably not uninfluenced by neighbouring lands. There are resemblances between what has been called the Hiberno-Romanesque style of the Irish Church in the period preceding the Anglo-Norman invasion, and the contemporary Norman style in England. Both, for instance, make use of the semi-circular arch. There are not many examples of this period in Ulster, but those which have survived exhibit a fine sense of pro-portion and a good natural taste. This is shown in the old churches at Banagher and Dungiven, Co. Londonderry, the building called Teampul Mhor at Devenish and the beautiful portal at White Island, Lower Lough Erne, Co. Fermanagh.

The Anglo-Norman conquest only extended to the Counties of Antrim and Down, and although the Nor-mans made incursions into Tyrone, Derry and Armagh, they had no permanent footing there and left comparatively few traces. To Fermanagh they do not seem to have penetrated. However, even in the unsubdued lands their influence was felt, for there are indications that native builders modelled their structures, particularly those of a defensive character, on the Norman exemplar. The finest specimens of mediaeval castle and church are to be found in the two eastern counties.

Between 1315 and 1603 the country was so distracted and impoverished by war that many buildings perished by the hand of the incendiary or through neglect, and there was little new construction. Except for the Cistercians at Greyabbey and Inch, Co. Down, the great religious orders have left hardly any mark. On Devenish Island, already mentioned, where successive ecclesiastical remains cover a period of approximately 1,000 years, there are the remains of a not very large Augustinian priory, built mainly in the 15th century. And in another Augustinian priory at Dungiven, Co. Londonderry, in a church built for the most part before the Norman Invasion, there is a fine monument in the "decorated" style to an Irish chieftain, Cooey na Gall (O'Cahan), who died in 1385. Considerable remains of Franciscan friaries exist at Armagh and at Bonamargy near Ballycastle.

The last period to leave distinct traces in the antiquities of Northern Ireland was that of the Plantation of Ulster in the early 17th century. The leading settlers were under compact to build defensible houses, surrounded by walls or ramparts, as rallying-points for their tenantry in the event of rebellion. These "Plantation Castles," as they are called, have best survived in Fermanagh and Tyrone; Monea and Tully in the former county, and Castlecaulfield and Aughentaine in the latter will give a good idea of their design. Of those put up by the twelve London companies which colonised the county of Londonderry, a few still remain, but usually are either much ruined or partly modernised.

Index to Towns and Districts.
 

Index to Advertisements.
(Alphabetical in Towns).
AMUSEMENTS.

HOTELS AND BOARDING HOUSES.